Local Community Engagement 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8
[Update: Part 9 on temperature anomaly scenarios further constrains the debate]
Community Engagement 1, ... 12, 13, 14 & 15
[ Update 3: the next installment updates the infrastructure aspects of this for East Anglia
Update 2: Cambridge could be completely underwater by 2100, warns Emoov report
Update 1: added slide deck at bottom, to summarize the last two years of work on this ]
After a hiatus focusing on Coronavirus and story maps on East Anglia and other mapping topics, let's revisit that moving target of sea level rise timing.
Further to our explorations in AI here and to the previous post here, this is a 'conversation' with Copilot, Microsoft Bing's AI extension. Conversation means that you can daisy-chain questions without repeating them, either to extend or to zero in:
Q: Difference between hurricane and tornadoe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado |
- Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters, typically near the equator. They require a pre-existing weather disturbance, warm tropical oceans, moisture, and relatively light winds¹.
- Tornadoes form over land, usually from severe thunderstorms. They often occur in areas with high wind shear, where there is a significant change in wind speed and direction with height².
- Hurricanes are much larger, with diameters ranging from 100 to 2,000 kilometers (up to 1,000 miles). They can last from several days to a few weeks².
- Tornadoes are smaller, typically less than 2 miles wide, and usually last only a few minutes to a couple of hours².
- Hurricanes generally have wind speeds less than 180 mph².
- Tornadoes can have wind speeds up to 300 mph, making them more intense in terms of wind speed over a smaller area².
- Hurricanes cause widespread damage due to their size and the heavy rainfall, storm surges, and flooding they bring¹.
- Tornadoes cause localized damage along their narrow path, but the destruction can be severe due to their high wind speeds².
Both hurricanes and tornadoes are dangerous and can cause significant damage, but understanding their differences can help in preparing for and responding to these natural disasters.
Is there anything specific you would like to know more about regarding hurricanes or tornadoes?
Source: Conversation with Copilot, 12/10/2024
(1) What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? https://gpm.nasa.gov/resources/faq/what-difference-between-tornado-and-hurricane
(2) Hurricane vs Tornado – The Similarities and Differences. https://sciencenotes.org/hurricane-vs-tornado-the-similarities-and-differences/
(3) Cyclone vs. Typhoon vs. Hurricane: Are They All The Same? https://www.dictionary.com/e/typhoons-hurricanes-cyclones/
(4) Hurricane vs. Tornado: What's the Difference? https://www.difference.wiki/hurricane-vs-tornado/
(5) What's the difference between a hurricane and a tornado? - NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-s-difference-between-hurricane-tornado-ncna1011676
(6) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/tornado-struck-on-agricultural-fields-at-sunset-royalty-free-image/671793326
Q: Is there a reletionship between them
A: Yes, there is a relationship between hurricanes and tornadoes, although they are distinct phenomena. Here are some key points:
- Tornadoes can form within hurricanes. When a hurricane makes landfall, the interaction with the land can create conditions favorable for tornado formation, especially in the outer rainbands of the hurricane².
Both hurricanes and tornadoes are driven by **convective energy**, which involves the rising of warm, moist air². This shared mechanism means that both types of storms can occur under similar atmospheric conditions, although the specifics differ.
- Hurricanes require warm ocean waters and form over these waters, while tornadoes typically form over land from severe thunderstorms².
- Hurricanes are large-scale systems that can last for days or weeks, whereas tornadoes are much smaller and usually last for minutes to a few hours².
- Wind shear plays a crucial role in the formation of both hurricanes and tornadoes. However, hurricanes thrive in environments with low vertical wind shear, while tornadoes often form in areas with high wind shear⁴.
Understanding these relationships helps meteorologists predict and prepare for the potential impacts of these powerful storms. If you have any more questions or need further details, feel free to ask!
Source: Conversation with Copilot, 12/10/2024
(1) Hurricane vs Tornado – The Similarities and Differences. https://sciencenotes.org/hurricane-vs-tornado-the-similarities-and-differences/
(2) Hurricanes: Science and Society: Tornadoes. https://www.hurricanescience.org/society/impacts/tornadoes/
(3) Are hurricanes like giant tornadoes? Why their damage is so different. https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/explainers/tornadoes-versus-hurricanes-why-their-damage-is-so-different
(4) Tornado Vs. Hurricane: What’s The Difference? - Techiescientist. https://techiescientist.com/tornado-vs-hurricane/
(5) How do tornadoes and hurricanes compare? - University of Miami. https://news.miami.edu/stories/2019/03/how-do-tornadoes-and-hurricanes-compare.html
Q: Is there a relationship with Sea Level Rise?
A: Yes, there is a relationship between sea level rise and hurricanes, and to a lesser extent, tornadoes. Here are some key points:
- Increased Coastal Flooding: As sea levels rise, the impact of storm surges from hurricanes becomes more severe. Higher sea levels mean that storm surges can push further inland, causing more extensive flooding¹⁴.
- Intensified Storms: Warmer sea surface temperatures, which contribute to sea level rise, can also lead to more intense hurricanes. These warmer waters provide more energy for hurricanes, potentially increasing their intensity and the amount of rainfall they produce³.
- Indirect Relationship: While sea level rise does not directly cause tornadoes, the conditions that lead to more intense hurricanes (such as warmer sea surface temperatures) can also create environments conducive to tornado formation within hurricanes⁵.
- Increased Risk: The combination of higher sea levels and more intense storms means that coastal areas are at greater risk of severe weather events. This can lead to more significant damage and higher costs for recovery and rebuilding¹⁴.
Understanding these relationships helps in preparing for and mitigating the impacts of these powerful storms. If you have more questions or need further details, feel free to ask!
Source: Conversation with Copilot, 12/10/2024
(1) Global Warming and Hurricanes - Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/
(2) Sea Level Rise - MIT Climate Portal. https://climate.mit.edu/explainers/sea-level-rise
(3) A Force of Nature: Hurricanes in a Changing Climate. https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/a-force-of-nature-hurricanes-in-a-changing-climate/
(4) Hurricane Milton: Why do tornadoes form within hurricanes? - The Hill. https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/4927302-hurricane-milton-tornadoes-climate-change/
(5) Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate - IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-11/
Part I showed how a map of DEFRA open data can help situational awareness for a West Midlands XR event. Having done a sea level rise and risk of flooding map for the Thames River valley near London last year, I redid one now with the lessons learned in the interval. The previous Sea Level Rise map from Open Data was rather onerous: I streamlined the process to simply load free & open data with only GIS styling; the resulting Build your own can be replicated on other GIS with listed data sources.
[ Update 2: at bottom is the comprehensive water web map that followed this...
Update 1: near the end of the story map, see how you can style your own DEM tiles ]
East Anglia Flood Defences Final showcased in a story map the entire flooding infrastructure framework for the region, both from rising sea levels and risk of flooding, complete w flood defence infrastructure.
Online discussions in the wake of the IPCC 2021 report broadened that scope back to an original posting almost two years ago Sea level rise models show ins&outs of climate change science. Here is that update expanding to England and NW Europe, wrapping in all the lessons learned along the way.
Update: so follow-on here with definions and relationsips among these topics
I posted here 3 yrs. ago among a series of DIY map notes to encourage Citizen Science, how to use NOAA global digital elevation data to model sea level rise data on straight geometry. See also here for an explanation referring to East Anglia. Here is what it looks like from the DIY document:
[ Update: Part II re-uses this and improves the manual for a London area action ]
Part of our mandate at cottenham.info is to raise awareness around climate change issues in East Anglia. A key part is to quantify risks around flooding from land during increasingly variable weather, as well as to predict what sea level rise would look like over time from melting polar ice caps. That combines respectively excellent ground work by DEFRA - see their Future Fens twitter feed - and modelling against topography by Ordnance Survey and DEFRA. And timing of sea level rises is an emotional issue: to balance the reality of the risk with questions around time scales (see comment), will help raise awareness without unduly raising alarm.
[ Update 3: action in Update 1 resulted in Trinity Hall declaring divestment... hurray!
Update 2: the next post rounds this up with a Story Map that includes flood risk
Update 1: here is a video of the action mentioned below, re: colleges divest from oil ]
An Extinction Rebellion Cambridge action, demanding colleges divest from oil investment, led to a simple yet arresting idea: map the level below 12 m. sea level rise each college would be under, if climate change we left unabated, as a means to help convince them of the consequences of climate inaction.
Community Engagement 1, ... 12, 13, 14, 15 & 16
[ Update 3: the next installment includes Environment Agency's flood defence data
Update 2: here is an update via Enviro. Agency's outreach twitter @FutureFens
Update 1: here is a story map augmenting the last two posts with live maps... enjoy! ]
Following on the previous timelines update focusing on Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Combine Authority, this is an East Anglia-wide update based on Environment Agency (EA) Survey, Office for National Statistics (ONS) Geoportal and Ordnance Survey (OS) Open Zoomstack data.
[ Update 3: see a follow-on story map next. on local flooding effects just north of there...
Update2: thanks to Esri(UK) and Esri folk who helped my return to 3D web mapping!
Update 1: check Sea Level Rise model affecting Central Cambridge area on YouTube ]
Let's wrap up Sea level rise web map, poster and pirate map: having started with a simple map of Cambridge University Colleges indicating how deeply they would be submerged in a sea level rise scenario, let's map the buildings in 3D and show how far raised sea levels would submerge them! But first let's start with a flood risk map and finish with a combination to help with situational awareness.
[ Update 2: Anaglyph 3D pops up Central Cambridge halfway down under Other Areas
Update 1: added four effects to enhance relief maps on mountain areas at the bottom ]
Last month's Story-in-a-map reminded me I created a number of map posters, as a mean to reach out to the community, where prints are better in town hall or small group presentations, as well as wall art.
Updates: mapping climate data from historic ships & global harmonization follow respectively here & here.
"You can get Andrew outa maps, but you can't get maps outa Andrew" quipped a GIS map friend when I left Kuwait a dozen years ago... Well after quitting socials, Esri(UK) graciously helped me recover my desktop app. While I lost my story maps and web maps content, I maintained a free dev account - story maps and maps&data - this was chiefly to preserve my Living Atlas content inspired by John Nelson.
The last post before peatlands (recent update here) was the East Anglia flood protection infrastructure here - both used extensive Environment Agency data, publicly available if needing some (at time extensive) work as described therein. Here are further DIY resources to create maps like this fun pirate map of East Anglia under 12 m. water est. around 2150AD (from here updated here):